Multivariate pattern analysis

aka “mind reading”

General approach

Goldstein 11th edition, Figure 5.49

Univariate fMRI analysis

Question: Is there more activity in condition A compared to B?

The checkerboard experiment

Multivariate pattern analysis

Question: Is the voxel response pattern different in condition A and B?

Cola vs. Pepsi

Whole-brain: searchlight analysis

Question: Is the voxel response pattern different in condition A and B?

First MVPA paper

Representation similarity analysis (Haxby et al. 2001)

First MVPA paper

Representation similarity analysis (Haxby et al. 2001)

Main principle

Two runs, 3 voxels

Machine learning: SVM classifier

Toy example for 2D feature space, image credit (Cohen et al. 2017)

Machine learning

First MVPA papers, both appeared in 2005 (Haynes and Rees 2005; Kamitani and Tong 2005)

(c) Kandel, 6th edition, Figure 21-13

Orientation decoding

Image decoding

Video decoding

A recent example

Image credit: (Cheng et al. 2023)

Image credit: (Cheng et al. 2023)

Perceptography

Physical stimulus

Stimulus features

Brain-decoded features

Modified from (Cheng et al. 2023)

References

Cheng, Fan L., Tomoyasu Horikawa, Kei Majima, Misato Tanaka, Mohamed Abdelhack, Shuntaro C. Aoki, Jin Hirano, and Yukiyasu Kamitani. 2023. “Reconstructing Visual Illusory Experiences from Human Brain Activity.” Science Advances 9 (46). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj3906.
Cohen, Jonathan D, Nathaniel Daw, Barbara Engelhardt, Uri Hasson, Kai Li, Yael Niv, Kenneth A Norman, et al. 2017. “Computational Approaches to fMRI Analysis.” Nature Neuroscience 20 (3): 304–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4499.
Haxby, J V, M I Gobbini, M L Furey, A Ishai, J L Schouten, and P Pietrini. 2001. “Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 293 (5539): 2425–30. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063736.
Haynes, John-Dylan, and Geraint Rees. 2005. “Predicting the Orientation of Invisible Stimuli from Activity in Human Primary Visual Cortex.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (5): 686–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1445.
Kamitani, Yukiyasu, and Frank Tong. 2005. “Decoding the Visual and Subjective Contents of the Human Brain.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (5): 679–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1444.
Naselaris, Thomas, Ryan J. Prenger, Kendrick N. Kay, Michael Oliver, and Jack L. Gallant. 2009. “Bayesian Reconstruction of Natural Images from Human Brain Activity.” Neuron 63 (6): 902–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.006.
Nishimoto, Shinji, An T. Vu, Thomas Naselaris, Yuval Benjamini, Bin Yu, and Jack L. Gallant. 2011. “Reconstructing Visual Experiences from Brain Activity Evoked by Natural Movies.” Current Biology 21 (19): 1641–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.031.
Peelen, Marius V., and Paul E. Downing. 2023. “Testing Cognitive Theories with Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Neuroimaging Data.” Nature Human Behaviour 7 (9): 1430–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01680-z.